Negatively thermodynamic toughening in double network hydrogel towards cooling-triggered multi-shape memory effect

This paper explores fundamental mechanisms of negatively thermodynamic toughening during microphase separations double network (DN) hydrogels, which have dynamically coordinating components with adjustable swelling behavior and designable multi-shape memory effect (multi-SME). Based on the Flory–Huggins theory Fick's second law, a model is formulated to study diffusive dynamics, cooling-triggered multi-SME mechanical toughness DN hydrogels. The hydrogels strongly dependent their water concentration, hydrophobic transition separation. Finally, effectiveness this new demonstrated by applying it predict dual-SME, quadruple-SME shape behaviors provides methodology for design tunable, giant programmable multi-SME.